Publications Published in Atmospheric Environment

1. Air pollution related deaths during the 2003 heat wave in the Netherlands. Fischer, Paul H; Brunekreef, Bert; Lebret, Erik.
   Atmospheric Environment: 2004
   Notes
   In the Netherlands an excess of 1000–1400 deaths was estimated due to the hot temperatures that occurred during the 2003 summer period. We estimated the number of deaths attributable to the ozone and Particular Matter (PM10) concentrations in the summer period June–August 2003. Our calculations show that an excess of around 400–600 air pollution-related deaths may have occurred compared to an ‘average’ summer. These calculations suggest that in the Netherlands, a significant proportion of the deaths now being attributed to the hot summer weather can reasonably be expected to have been caused by air pollution.
   
   
   
2. Ambient single particle analysis in Riverside, California by aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry during the SCOS97-NARSTO. Pastor, S. H.; Allen, J. O.; Hughes, L. S.; Bhave, P.; Cass, G. R.; Prather, K. A..
   Atmospheric Environment: 2003
   Notes
   Single-particle measurements were made using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) instruments in conjunction with the 1997 Southern California Ozone Study-North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone (SCOS97-NARSTO). The size and chemical composition of individual ambient particles in Riverside, CA during the summer of 1997 are described. Data collected using co-located micro-orifice uniform deposit impactors (MOUDI) impactors are used to scale the ATOFMS number counts, providing a unique picture of the particle population which complements information obtained using traditional sizing and composition analysis techniques in this and previous studies. Changes in single particle composition are observed over time, and compared and contrasted with observed changes in visibility, ozone, and PM10 concentrations. Details are provided on changes in the particle size and composition observed during three morning periods with low ozone and elevated PM10 !
   
   
   
3. Ammonia abatement and its impact on emissions of nitrous oxide and methane in Europeb - Part 1: method. Brink, C.; Kroeze, C.; Klimont, Z..
   Atmospheric Environment: 2001
   Notes
   Agriculture is an important source of NH3, which contributes to acidification and eutrophication, as well as emissions of the greenhouse gases CH4 and N2O. Because of their common sources, emission reduction measures for one of these gases may affect emissions of others. These interrelations are often ignored in policy making. This study presents an analysis of the effects of measures to reduce NH3 emissions on emissions of N2O and CH4 from agriculture in Europe. The analysis combines information from the NH3 module of the Regional Air pollution INformation and Simulation (RAINS) model for Europe with the IPCC method for national greenhouse gas inventories. The IPCC method for estimating agricultural emissions of N2O and CH4 is adjusted in order to use it in combination with the RAINS database for the European agricultural sector. As an example, vie applied the adjusted method to the agricultural sector in the Netherlands and found that application of several NH3 abatemenet options may result in a substantial increase in N2O emissions while the effect on CH4 emissions is relatively small. In Part 2 of this paper we focus on the resulting emissions for all European countries for 1990 and 2010.
   
   
   
4. Ammonia abatement and its impact on emissions of nitrous oxide and methane in Europeb - Part 2: application for Europe. Brink, C.; Kroeze, C.; Klimont, Z..
   Atmospheric Environment: 2001
   Notes
   Agricultural emissions of NH3, N2O, and CH4 come, to a large extent, from common sources. It has been demonstrated that controlling NH3 emissions through application of technical measures might have an impact on emissions of N2O and CH4. This paper presents estimates of NH3, N2O and CH4 emissions from European agriculture for 1990 and four scenarios for the year 2010. The first scenario assumes no specific NH3 abatement, but emissions of all three gases decline between 1990 and 2010 as a result of projected reductions in animal numbers and fertiliser consumption in Europe. The other three scenarios assume different levels of NH3 abatement in Europe, including the maximum feasible reduction case. They are compared with respect to their effect on emissions of N2O and CH4. The results indicate that in Europe, abating agricultural emissions of NH3 may cause releases of N2O from this sector up to 15% higher than in the case of no NH3 control. There may be substantial differences in the observed effects between various countries depending on the degree and type of NH3 control options applied. The effect of NH3 abatement on CH4 emissions was found to be negligible.
   
   
   
5. Analysis of ozone in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Dabdub, Donald; DeHaan, Laurel L; Seinfeld, John H.
   Atmospheric Environment: 1999
   Notes
   The dynamics of ozone in the San Joaquin Valley of central California are studied by systematic diagnostic runs of the three-dimensional SARMAP Air Quality Model. Air quality in the San Joaquin Valley is the result of a complex combination of local and transported emissions. Simulations show that relatively brisk winds at points of inflow to the Valley produce a strong dependence of ozone in the Valley on upwind conditions. Furthermore, NOx influx from boundaries and local emissions has significantly greater impact on ozone production than ROG influx and emissions.
   
   
   
6. An estimate of the contribution of outdoor concrete yards used by livestock to the UK inventories of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane. Webb, J.; Misselbrook, T.; Pain, B. F.; Crabb, J.; Ellis, S..
   Atmospheric Environment: 2001
   Notes
   Many farms have unroofed concrete yards used by livestock. These concrete yards have received little attention as sources of gaseous emissions. From 1997 to 1999 measurements were made of emissions of ammonia (NH
   
   
   
7. An inventory of nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture in the UK using the IPCC methodology: emission estimate, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Brown, L.; Brown, S. A.; Jarvis, S. C.; Syed, B.; Goulding, K. W. T.; Phillips, V. R.; Sneath, R. W.; Pain, B. F..
   Atmospheric Environment: 2001
   Notes
   Nitrous oxide emission from UK agriculture was estimated, using the IPCC default Values of all emission factors and parameters, to be 87 Gg N2O-N in both 1990 and 1995. This estimate was shown, however, to have an overall uncertainty of 62%. The largest component of the emission (54%) was from the direct (soil) sector. Two of the three emission factors applied within the soil sector, EF1 (direct emission from soil) and EF3(PRP) (emission from pasture range and paddock) were amongst the most influential on the total estimate, producing a +/- 31 and + 11% to -17% change in emissions, respectively, when varied through the IPCC range from the default value. The indirect sector (from leached N and deposited ammonia) contributed 29% of the total emission, and had the largest uncertainty (126%). The factors determining the fraction of N leached (Frac(LEACH)) and emissions from it (EF5), were the two most influential. These parameters are poorly specified and there is great pote! Comparison with other UK-derived inventories suggests that the IPCC methodology may overestimate emission. Although the IPCC approach includes additional components to the other inventories (most notably emission from indirect sources), estimates for the common components (i.e. fertiliser and animals), and emission factors used, are higher than those of other inventories. Whilst it is recognised that the IPCC approach is generalised in order to allow widespread applicability, sufficient data are available to specify at least two of the most influential parameters, i.e. EF1 and Frac(LEACH), more accurately, and so provide an improved estimate of nitrous oxide emissions from UK agriculture. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
   
   
   
8. Assessing the uncertainty associated with national greenhouse gas emission inventories: a case study for Austria. Winiwarter, Wilfried; Rypdal, Kristin.
   Atmospheric Environment: 2001
   Notes
   The uncertainty associated with the Austrian Greenhouse Gas emission inventory has been determined for the gases CO
   
   
   
9. Assessment of the relative importance of atmospheric aging on CCN activity derived from field observations. Furutani, Hiroshi; Dall'osto, Manuel; Roberts, Greg C.; Prather, Kimberly A..
   Atmospheric Environment: 2008
   Notes
   The effect of atmospheric aging on the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of atmospheric aerosols was studied by comparing different air masses with different degrees of aging along the southern coast of California over the Pacific Ocean during a research cruise on the R/V Roger Revelle from 2–19 November 2004. Activation diameters (Dact) were calculated using the measured CCN concentrations, condensation nuclei (CN) concentrations, and particle size distributions. Measurements of single particle size and chemistry, as well as black carbon (BC) concentrations with an aethalometer, were made to provide further insight into aerosol chemistry. A gradient of aerosol concentrations was encountered: along the coast of California, the highest BC and CN concentrations (1000–6000 ngm 3 and 2000–15,000 cm 3) were measured which decreased as the ship moved away from shore to much lower values (o100 ngm 3, 300 cm 3). In all regions, external mixtures of organic carbon, elemental carbon, sea salt, and dust aerosols requently associated with nitrate and sulfate were observed. A correlation plot between the CCN/CN ratio and Dact exhibits a clear linear correlation, showing a distinct relationship between the extent of anthropogenic aging and CCN activity with the most highly aged air masses showing the highest CCN activity and smallest Dact. These results show changes in aerosol chemistry due to atmospheric aging that play an important role in determining the CCN activity of atmospheric aerosols. The present study demonstrates that variations in aerosol chemistry must be taken into account in models to adequately account for the physicochemical properties of atmospheric aerosols and their CCN activity.
   
   
   
10. A top-down methodology for developing diurnal and seasonal anthropogenic heating profiles for urban areas. Sailor, D. J.; Lu, L..
    Atmospheric Environment: 2004
    Notes
    A generalized approach for estimating season-specific diurnal profiles of anthropogenic heating for cities is presented. Each profile consists of heat released from three components: building sector, transportation sector, and metabolism. In turn, the building sector is divided into heat released from electricity consumption and heat released from heating fuels such as natural gas and fuel oil. Each component is developed separately based on a population density formulation. The profiles are based on commonly available data resources that are mapped onto the diurnal cycle using seasonal profile functions. Representative winter and summer weekday profiles are developed and presented for six large US cities. The diurnal profiles have morning and evening peaks, with summertime maxima up to 60 W m(-2). Anthropogenic heating in winter is generally larger, with maxima up to 75 W m(-2). While these analyses were carried out at the city-scale the paper discusses how the same data sources could be applied at scales down to the individual census tract (or traffic analysis zone), resulting in high spatial resolution profiles and larger maxima corresponding to higher population densities in the urban core. Based on our analysis of San Francisco we find that the urban core region may have a daytime population density that is 5–10 times that of the city-scale value. Hence, the corresponding anthropogenic heating values in the urban core will be 5–10 times the magnitudes of the city-scale values presented in this paper.